Gynecological oncology surgery encompasses surgical procedures used for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of cancers affecting the female reproductive organs. These cancers include endometrial (uterine), cervical, ovarian, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. The goal of gynecological oncology surgery is to remove cancerous tissue, determine the stage of the disease, and prevent its spread. Here are detailed insights into gynecological oncology surgery:

Types of Gynecological Cancers and Surgical Approaches

1. Endometrial Cancer:
   • Total Hysterectomy: Removal of the entire uterus.
   • Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy: Removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes.
   • Pelvic and Paraaortic Lymphadenectomy: Removal of lymph nodes to assess the spread of cancer.
2. Cervical Cancer:
   • Radical Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus, upper part of the vagina, surrounding tissues, and some lymph nodes.
   • Trachelectomy: Removal of the cervix and surrounding tissues, while preserving the uterus for early-stage patients who wish to maintain fertility.
3. Ovarian Cancer:
   • Debulking Surgery: Removal of as much of the cancer as possible.
   • Total Hysterectomy and Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy: Removal of the uterus, both ovaries, and fallopian tubes.
   • Omentectomy: Removal of part of the abdominal lining (omentum).
   • Lymphadenectomy: Removal of lymph nodes to assess cancer spread.
4. Vaginal and Vulvar Cancers:
   • Vaginectomy: Partial or complete removal of the vagina.
   • Vulvectomy: Partial or complete removal of the vulva.
   • Inguinal Lymphadenectomy: Removal of lymph nodes in the groin area.

Surgical Techniques

1. Open Surgery:
   • Traditional surgical approach involving a large incision.
   • Preferred for advanced cancers or large tumors.
2. Laparoscopic Surgery:
   • Minimal invasive surgery performed through small incisions in the abdominal wall.
   • Provides faster recovery time and less postoperative pain.
3. Robotic Surgery:
   • Minimal invasive surgery using robotic systems.
   • Offers precise and detailed surgical intervention.

Preoperative and Postoperative Care

Preoperative:

• Evaluation and Planning: Determining the stage of the disease and planning treatment.
• Radiological Imaging: MRI, CT scans, and PET scans to evaluate the extent of the disease.
• Preoperative Preparation: Blood tests, anesthesia assessment, and other necessary evaluations.

Postoperative:

• Intensive Care and Monitoring: Close monitoring in the first days after surgery.
• Pain Management: Medication for pain control.
• Mobilization: Encouraging early mobilization.
• Follow-up and Treatment: Regular check-ups and, if needed, adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy, radiotherapy).

Long-term Follow-up and Quality of Life

• Rehabilitation: Physical and psychological rehabilitation programs.
• Regular Check-ups: Regular monitoring to detect recurrence early.
• Quality of Life: Support services to enhance post-surgical quality of life.

Gynecological oncology surgery plays a critical role in the treatment of cancers affecting the female reproductive organs. The treatment plan and surgical approach should be personalized for each patient. Expert gynecological oncologists determine the most suitable methods and inform patients throughout the treatment process.